@article {1018,
	title = {Cell failure mechanisms in PEM water electrolyzers},
	journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
	volume = {37},
	year = {2012},
	note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright}
{\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright}
{\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright}
{\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright}
},
	pages = {17478-17487},
	abstract = {Published on November 1st, 2012.
PEM water electrolysis offers an efficient and flexible way to produce {\textquotedblleft}green-hydrogen{\textquotedblright} from renewable (intermittent) energy sources. Most research papers published in the open literature on the subject are addressing performances issues and to date, very few information is available concerning the mechanisms of performance degradation and the associated consequences. Results reported in this communication have been used to analyze the failure mechanisms of PEM water electrolysis cells which can ultimately lead to the destruction of the electrolyzer. A two-step process involving firstly the local perforation of the solid polymer electrolyte followed secondly by the catalytic recombination of hydrogen and oxygen stored in the electrolysis compartments has been evidenced. The conditions leading to the onset of such mechanism are discussed and some preventive measures are proposed to avoid accidents.},
	issn = {0360-3199},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.06.017},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319912013638},
	author = {P. Millet and A. Ranjbari and F. de Guglielmo and S. A. Grigoriev and F. Aupr{\^e}tre}
}
@article {1015,
	title = {Failure of PEM water electrolysis cells: Case study involving anode dissolution and membrane thinning},
	journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy},
	volume = {39},
	note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright}
{\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright}
{\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright}
{\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright}
},
	pages = {20440-20446},
	abstract = {Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolysis is an efficient and environmental friendly method that can be used for the production of molecular hydrogen of electrolytic grade using zero-carbon power sources such as renewable and nuclear. However, market applications are asking for cost reduction and performances improvement. This can be achieved by increasing operating current density and lifetime of operation. Concerning performance, safety, reliability and durability issues, the membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) is the weakest cell component. Most performance losses and most accidents occurring during PEM water electrolysis are usually due to the MEA. The purpose of this communication is to report on some specific degradation mechanisms that have been identified as a potential source of performance loss and membrane failure. An accelerated degradation test has been performed on a MEA by applying galvanostatic pulses. Platinum has been used as electrocatalyst at both anode and cathode in order to accelerate degradation rate by maintaining higher cell voltage and higher anodic potential that otherwise would have occurred if conventional Ir/IrOx catalysts had been used. Experimental evidence of degradation mechanisms have been obtained by post-mortem analysis of the MEA using microscopy and chemical analysis. Details of these degradation processes are presented and discussed.},
	issn = {0360-3199},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.05.043},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319914013913},
	author = {S. A. Grigoriev and K. A. Dzhus and D. G. Bessarabov and P. Millet}
}
