@article {1136, title = {Comprehensive Evaluation for Protective Coatings: Optical, Electrical, Photoelectrochemical, and Spectroscopic Characterizations}, journal = {Frontiers in Energy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2022}, month = {2022}, abstract = {Numerous efficient semiconductors suffer from instability in aqueous electrolytes. Strategies utilizing protective coatings have thus been developed to protect these photoabsorbers against corrosion while synergistically improving charge separation and reaction kinetics. Recently, various photoelectrochemical (PEC) protective coatings have been reported with suitable electronic properties to ensure low charge transport loss and reveal the fundamental photoabsorber efficiency. However, protocols for studying the critical figures of merit for protective coatings have yet to be established. For this reason, we propose four criteria for evaluating the performance of a protective coating for PEC water-splitting: stability, conductivity, optical transparency, and energetic matching. We then propose a flow chart that summarizes the recommended testing protocols for quantifying these four performance metrics. In particular, we lay out the stepwise testing protocols to evaluate the energetics matching at a semiconductor/coating/(catalyst)/liquid interface. Finally, we provide an outlook for the future benchmarking needs for coatings.}, keywords = {coating, energetics, performance evaluation, performance metrics, spectroscopy}, issn = {2296-598X}, doi = {10.3389/fenrg.2021.799776}, url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fenrg.2021.799776}, author = {Shen, Xin and Yanagi, Rito and Solanki, Devan and Su, Haoqing and Li, Zhaohan and Xiang, Cheng-Xiang and Hu, Shu} } @article {1132, title = {A Computational Framework to Accelerate the Discovery of Perovskites for Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production: Identification of Gd Perovskite Oxide Redox Mediators}, journal = {Advanced Functional Materials}, year = {2022}, pages = {2200201}, abstract = {A high-throughput computational framework to identify novel multinary perovskite redox mediators is presented, and this framework is applied to discover the Gd-containing perovskite oxide compositions Gd2BB'O6, GdA'B2O6, and GdA'BB'O6 that split water. The computational scheme uses a sequence of empirical approaches to evaluate the stabilities, electronic properties, and oxygen vacancy thermodynamics of these materials, including contributions to the enthalpies and entropies of reduction, ΔHTR and ΔSTR. This scheme uses the machine-learned descriptor τ to identify compositions that are likely stable as perovskites, the bond valence method to estimate the magnitude and phase of BO6 octahedral tilting and provide accurate initial estimates of perovskite geometries, and density functional theory including magnetic- and defect-sampling to predict STCH-relevant properties. Eighty-three promising STCH candidate perovskite oxides down-selected from 4392 Gd-containing compositions are reported, three of which are referred to experimental collaborators for characterization and exhibit STCH activity. The results demonstrate that the high-throughput computational scheme described herein{\textemdash}which is used to evaluate Gd-containing compositions but can be applied to any multinary perovskite oxide compositional space(s) of interest{\textemdash}accelerates the discovery of novel STCH active redox mediators with reasonable computational expense.}, keywords = {concentrated solar energy, density functional theory, hydrogen, Perovskite, thermochemical water splitting}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202200201}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adfm.202200201}, author = {Bare, Zachary J. L. and Morelock, Ryan J. and Musgrave, Charles B.} } @article {1137, title = {Considerations for the Accurate Measurement of Incident Photon to Current Efficiency in Photoelectrochemical Cells}, journal = {Frontiers in Energy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2022}, month = {2022}, abstract = {In this paper we review some of the considerations and potential sources of error when conducting Incident Photon to Current Efficiency (IPCE) measurements, with focus on photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells for water splitting. The PEC aspect introduces challenges for accurate measurements often not encountered in dry PV cells. These can include slow charge transfer dynamics and, depending on conditions (such as a white light bias, which is important for samples with non-linear response to light intensity), possible composition changes, mostly at the surface, that a sample may gradually undergo as a result of chemical interactions with the aqueous electrolyte. These can introduce often-overlooked dependencies related to the timing of the measurement, such as a slower measurement requirement in the case of slow charge transfer dynamics, to accurately capture the steady-state response of the system. Fluctuations of the probe beam can be particularly acute when a Xe lamp with monochromator is used, and longer scanning times also allow for appreciable changes in the sample environment, especially when the sample is under realistically strong white light bias. The IPCE measurement system and procedure need to be capable of providing accurate measurements under specific conditions, according to sample and operating requirements. To illustrate these issues, complications, and solution options, we present example measurements of hematite photoanodes, leading to the use of a motorized rotating mirror stage to solve the inherent fluctuation and drift-related problems. For an example of potential pitfalls in IPCE measurements of metastable samples, we present measurements of BiVO4 photoanodes, which had changing IPCE spectral shapes under white-light bias.}, keywords = {device characterisation, EQE, IPCE, measurement technique, photoelectrochemical}, issn = {2296-598X}, doi = {10.3389/fenrg.2021.726069}, url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fenrg.2021.726069}, author = {Ellis, David S. and Piekner, Yifat and Grave, Daniel A. and Schnell, Patrick and Rothschild, Avner} } @article {1138, title = {Crystallographic Effects of GaN Nanostructures in Photoelectrochemical Reaction}, journal = {Nano Letters}, volume = {22}, year = {2022}, note = {PMID: 35258977}, pages = {2236-2243}, keywords = {GaN; artificial photosynthesis; nanowire; photoelectrode; surface polarity}, doi = {10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04220}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04220}, author = {Xiao, Yixin and Vanka, Srinivas and Pham, Tuan Anh and Dong, Wan Jae and Sun, Yi and Liu, Xianhe and Navid, Ishtiaque Ahmed and Varley, Joel B. and Hajibabaei, Hamed and Hamann, Thomas W. and Ogitsu, Tadashi and Mi, Zetian} } @article {1153, title = {Chalkboard 2 - How to Make Clean Hydrogen}, journal = {The Electrochemical Society Interface}, volume = {30}, year = {2021}, month = {dec}, pages = {49{\textendash}56}, abstract = {Clean hydrogen is a carbon-free energy carrier that can be produced from water and sustainable energy sources such as wind, solar, and nuclear. Hence, clean hydrogen is one of the best ways to not only decarbonize the energy supply system, but also address the zero-emission challenges specific to large-carbon emitting industries that are difficult to separate from fossil fuels. To help achieve the Biden Administration{\textquoteright}s goal of a 100\% clean energy economy and net-zero emissions by 2050, several tens of millions of metric tons of clean, low-cost hydrogen will be needed annually. The HydroGEN Advanced Water Splitting Materials (AWSM) Consortium was established in 2016 as part of the Energy Materials Network (EMN) under the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office to enhance the performance, improve the durability, and reduce the cost of clean hydrogen production technologies, and it is helping to advance the H2@Scale vision.}, keywords = {Clean hydrogen, decarbonization, energy supply system, hydrogen, zero-emission challenges}, doi = {10.1149/2.f13214if}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1149/2.f13214if}, author = {Shaun Alia and Dong Ding and Anthony McDaniel and Francesca M. Toma and Huyen N. Dinh} } @article {1151, title = {A comprehensive modeling method for proton exchange membrane electrolyzer development}, journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {46}, year = {2021}, note = {Special issue on the 2nd International Symposium on Hydrogen Energy and Energy Technologies (HEET 2019)}, pages = {17627-17643}, abstract = {Hydrogen attracts significant interests as an effective energy carrier that can be derived from renewable sources. Hydrogen production using a proton-exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer can efficiently convert renewable power via water splitting in wide scales{\textemdash}from large, centralized generation to on-site production. Mathematical models with multiple scales and fidelities facilitate the continuing improvements of PEM electrolyzer development to improve performance, cost, and reliability. The model scopes and methods are presented in this paper, which also introduces a comprehensive PEM electrolysis modeling tool based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software, ANSYS/Fluent. The modeling tool incorporates electrochemical model of a PEM electrolysis cell to simulate the performance of coupled thermal-fluid, species transport, and electrochemical processes in a product-scale cell or stack by leveraging the powerful meshing generation and CFD solver of ANSYS/Fluent. The thermal-fluid modeling includes liquid water/gas two-phase flow and simulates a PEM electrolysis cell by using Fluent user-defined functions as add-on modules accounting for PEM-specific species transport and electrochemical processes. The modeling outcomes expediate PEM electrolyzer scaling up from basic material development and laboratory testing.}, keywords = {Electrochemical modeling, Hydrogen production, Low temperature electrolysis water splitting, Proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell}, issn = {0360-3199}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.02.170}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319921007448}, author = {Zhiwen Ma and Liam Witteman and Jacob A. Wrubel and Guido Bender} } @article {1114, title = {Computationally Accelerated Discovery and Experimental Demonstration of Gd0.5La0.5Co0.5Fe0.5O3 for Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production}, journal = {Frontiers in Energy Research}, volume = {9}, year = {2021}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.750600}, author = {J. E. Park and Z. J. L. Bare and R. J. Morelock and M. A. Rodriguez and A. Ambrosini and C. B. Musgrave and A. H. McDaniel and E. N. Coker} } @article {1127, title = {CeTi2O6{\textemdash}A Promising Oxide for Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production}, journal = {ACS Applied Materials \& Interfaces}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, pages = {21521-21527}, keywords = {brannerite structure, Cerium based oxides, CeTi2O6, high thermal stability, large entropy of reduction, small reduction enthalpy}, doi = {CeTi2O6{\textemdash}A Promising Oxide for Solar Thermochemical Hydrogen Production}, author = {S. S. Naghavi and J. He and C. Wolverton} } @article {1082, title = {Catalysts in electro-, photo- and photoelectrocatalytic CO2 reduction reactions}, journal = {Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews}, year = {2019}, abstract = {

Published on March 2nd, 2019. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is regarded as a main contributor to the greenhouse effect. As a potential strategy to mitigate its negative impacts, the reduction of CO2 is environmentally critical, economically meaningful and scientifically challenging. Being both thermodynamically and kinetically unfavored, CO2 reduction requires catalysts as a crucial component irrespective of the reaction modes, be it electrocatalytic, photoelectrocatalytic or photocatalytic. In an effort to systematically review the types of catalysts that have been studied for CO2 reduction, we categorize them into two major groups: those being activated by external sources and those being photoexcited and activated themselves. Attention is focused on the detailed mechanisms for each group by which the reduction of CO2 proceeds, yielding a summary of the guiding principles for catalyst designs. This review highlights the importance of mechanistic studies, which permits us to discuss our perspectives on potential directions of catalyst investigation for future catalytic CO2 reduction research.

}, issn = {1389-5567}, doi = {10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.02.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389556718300674}, author = {Yawen Wang and Da He and Hongyu Chen and Dunwei Wang} } @article {1095, title = {Computational design of oxides and nitrides in the presence of defects and disorder}, year = {2019}, abstract = {

Published on August 29th, 2019.

}, author = {Stephan Lany} } @article {1182, title = {Conditions for stable operation of solid oxide electrolysis cells: oxygen electrode effects}, journal = {Energy Environ. Sci.}, volume = {12}, year = {2019}, pages = {3053-3062}, abstract = {Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) convert renewable electricity to fuels with efficiency substantially higher than other electrolysis technologies. However, questions remain regarding degradation mechanisms that limit SOEC long-term stability. One of the key degradation mechanisms is oxygen electrode delamination; although prior studies have improved the understanding of this mechanism, it is still difficult to predict how degradation depends on SOEC materials and operating conditions, i.e., temperature, voltage, and current density. Here we present a study aimed at developing a quantitative understanding of oxygen electrode delamination. Experimentally, a life test study of symmetric and full cells with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes and Gd-doped ceria (GDC) barrier layers was done with three different perovskite oxygen electrode materials. Fracture was observed at the perovskite{\textendash}GDC interface above a critical current density and below a critical operating temperature. A theory is presented that combines a calculation of the effective oxygen pressure across the electrolyte with an estimation of the pressure required for fracture. Fracture is correctly predicted for a critical oxygen partial pressure of \~{}7200 atm and an associated electrode overpotential of \~{}0.2 V, occurring at the electrode/GDC interface because of the relatively low perovskite fracture toughness. Damage at the GDC/YSZ interface was also observed in some cases and explained by a peak in the oxygen pressure at this interface.}, keywords = {Gd-doped ceria, HTE, Perovskite, SOEC, Yttria-stabilized zirconia}, doi = {10.1039/C9EE01664C}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C9EE01664C}, author = {Park, Beom-Kyeong and Zhang, Qian and Voorhees, Peter W. and Barnett, Scott A.} } @article {1096, title = {Continuous on-sun solar thermochemical hydrogen production via an isothermal redox cycle}, journal = {Applied Energy}, volume = {249}, year = {2019}, month = {09/2019}, pages = {368-376}, abstract = {

Published in September 2019.

}, issn = {03062619}, doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.04.169}, url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261919308293}, author = {Amanda L. Hoskins and Samantha L. Millican and Caitlin E. Czernik and Ibraheam Alshankiti and Judy C. Netter and Timothy J. Wendelin and Charles B. Musgrave and Alan W. Weimer} } @article {1083, title = {Creating stable interfaces between reactive materials: titanium nitride protects photoabsorber{\textendash}catalyst interface in water-splitting photocathodes}, journal = {Journal of Materials Chemistry A}, volume = {7}, year = {2019}, pages = {2400-2411}, abstract = {

Published on January 29th, 2019. The development of a solar-driven water splitting device that replaces costly precious metals, while achieving stable high performance, is a major challenge. Transition metal phosphides are active and low-cost catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), although, none thus far have exhibited stable performance when interfaced with semiconductors. Here, we report on a monolithic junction consisting of cubic-NiP2:TiN:Si, fabricated using both commercial and custom Si photovoltaics. Stable performance is achieved using an ultrathin film of crystalline TiN that effectively hinders atomic diffusion between interfaces during fabrication. Crystalline cubic-NiP2 deposited on TiN/n+p-Si retains 97\% of the bare Si photovoltage, comparable saturation current density to bare Si, and has a turnover frequency of 1.04 H2 per site per s at -100 mV applied potential. In acid, it requires only -150 mV additional overpotential compared to the benchmark, Pt/TiN/n+p-Si, to reach a HER photocurrent density of -10 mA cm-2. This photocathode maintains a stable H2 photocurrent ({\textpm}10\%) for at least 125 hours, the duration of testing. When the same layers are fabricated on a commercial Si solar cell, this photocathode produced double the photocurrent density (36.3 mA cm-2, under simulated 1.5 AM G illumination). Physical characterization gives detailed information on the properties responsible for the observed activity and durability of these interfaces. In general, the thin-film methodology presented here is widely applicable, demonstrates superior activity, and achieves long-term stability.

}, issn = {2050-7496}, doi = {10.1039/C8TA12186A}, url = {https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/ta/c8ta12186a}, author = {Shinjae Hwang and Spencer H. Porter and Anders B. Laursen and Hongbin Yang and Mengjun Li and Viacheslav Manichev and Karin U. D. Calvinho and Voshadhi Amarasinghe and Martha Greenblatt and Eric Garfunkel and G. Charles Dismukes} } @article {1062, title = {Cobalt-substituted SrTi0.3Fe0.7O3-δ: a stable high-performance oxygen electrode material for intermediate-temperature solid oxide electrochemical cells}, journal = {Energy \& Environmental Science}, volume = {11}, year = {2018}, month = {07/2018}, pages = {1870-1879}, abstract = {

Published on July 11th, 2018. A key need in the development of solid oxide cells (SOCs) is for electrodes that promote fast oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions at reduced operating temperature (<=700 {\textdegree}C), with sufficient durability to allow operation over desired 40 000 h lifetimes. A wide range of electrode materials have been investigated, with some providing resistance low enough for cell operation below 700 {\textdegree}C, but it is generally found that the electrode performance degrades over time. Here we demonstrate an oxygen electrode material, Sr(Ti0.3Fe0.7-xCox)O3-δ (STFC), that provides a unique combination of excellent oxygen electrode performance and long-term stability. The addition of a relatively small amount of Co to Sr(Ti0.3Fe0.7)O3-δ, e.g., x = 0.07, reduces the electrode polarization resistance by \>2 times. The STFC electrode yields stable performance in both fuel cell and electrolysis modes at 1 A cm-2. The fundamental oxygen diffusion and surface exchange coefficients of STFC are determined, and shown to be substantially better than those of La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ, the most widely used SOC oxygen electrode material. While other electrode materials have been shown to exhibit better oxygen transport coefficients than STFC, they do not match its stability.

}, doi = {10.1039/C8EE00449H}, url = {https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/ee/c8ee00449h}, author = {Shan-Lin Zhang and Hongqian Wang and Matthew Y. Lu and Ai-Ping Zhang and Liliana V. Mogni and Qinyuan Liu and Cheng-Xin Li and Chang-Jiu Li and Scott A. Barnett} } @article {1040, title = {Communication: The electronic entropy of charged defect formation and its impact on thermochemical redox cycles}, journal = {The Journal of Chemical Physics}, volume = {148}, year = {2018}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {071101}, abstract = {Published on February 16th, 2018. The ideal material for solar thermochemical water splitting, which has yet to be discovered, must satisfy stringent conditions for the free energy of reduction, including, in particular, a sufficiently large positive contribution from the solid-state entropy. By inverting the commonly used relationship between defect formation energy and defect concentration, it is shown here that charged defect formation causes a large electronic entropy contribution manifesting itself as the temperature dependence of the Fermi level. This result is a general feature of charged defect formation and motivates new materials design principles for solar thermochemical hydrogen production.}, issn = {0021-9606}, doi = {10.1063/1.5022176}, url = {http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.5022176}, author = {Stephan Lany} } @article {776, title = {Cosputtered Calcium Manganese Oxide Electrodes for Water Oxidation}, journal = {Inorganic Chemistry}, volume = {57}, year = {2018}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {785-792}, abstract = {Published on January 16th, 2018.}, issn = {0020-1669, 1520-510X}, doi = {10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02717}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02717}, author = {Hamed Simchi and Kayla A. Cooley and Jonas Ohms and Lingqin Huang and Philipp Kurz and Suzanne E. Mohney} } @article {1064, title = {Current understandings of the sluggish kinetics of the hydrogen evolution and oxidation reactions in base}, journal = {Current Opinion in Electrochemistry}, volume = {12}, year = {2018}, month = {12/2018}, pages = {209-217}, issn = {2451-9103}, doi = {10.1016/j.coelec.2018.11.017}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S245191031830214X}, author = {Qingying Jia and Ershuai Liu and Li Jiao and Jingkun Li and Sanjeev Mukerjee} } @article {801, title = {Characterizing Voltage Losses in an SO2 Depolarized Electrolyzer Using Sulfonated Polybenzimidazole Membranes}, journal = {Journal of The Electrochemical Society}, volume = {164}, year = {2017}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {F1591-F1595}, abstract = {Published on January 1st, 2017. The hybrid sulfur cycle has been investigated as a means to produce CO2-free hydrogen efficiently on a large scale through the decomposition of H2SO4 to SO2, O2, and H2O, and then electrochemically oxidizing SO2 back to H2SO4 with the cogeneration of H2. The net effect is the production of hydrogen and oxygen from water. Recently, sulfonated polybenzimidazoles (s-PBI) have been investigated as a replacement for Nafion due to the ability to offer increased process efficiency through the generation of higher acid concentrations at lower potentials. Here, we measure the acid concentrations and individual potential contributions toward the overall operating voltage seen in the SO2-depolarized-electrolyzer. We then determine model parameters necessary to predict voltage losses in a cell over a wide range of operating temperatures, pressures, currents and reactant flow rates.}, issn = {0013-4651, 1945-7111}, doi = {10.1149/2.1061714jes}, url = {http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/164/14/F1591}, author = {Taylor R. Garrick and Cody H. Wilkins and Andrew T. Pingitore and Jacob Mehlhoff and Alex Gulledge and Brian C. Benicewicz and John W. Weidner} } @article {825, title = {A comparative overview of hydrogen production processes}, journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews}, volume = {67}, year = {2017}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {597-611}, abstract = {Published in January 2017.}, issn = {13640321}, doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.044}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032116305366}, author = {Pavlos Nikolaidis and Andreas Poullikkas} } @article {1028, title = {Critical Review{\textemdash}Identifying Critical Gaps for Polymer Electrolyte Water Electrolysis Development}, journal = {Journal of The Electrochemical Society}, volume = {164}, year = {2017}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {F387-F399}, abstract = {Published on January 1st, 2017. Although polymer electrolyte water electrolyzers (PEWEs) have been used in small-scale (kW to tens of kW range) applications for several decades, PEWE technology for hydrogen production in energy applications (power-to-gas, power-to-fuel, etc.) requires significant improvements in the technology to address the challenges associated with cost, performance and durability. Systems with power of hundreds of kW or even MWs, corresponding to hydrogen production rates of around 10 to 20 kg/h, have started to appear in the past 5 years. The thin (\~{}0.2 mm) polymer electrolyte in the PEWE with low ohmic resistance, compared to the alkaline cell with liquid electrolyte, allows operation at high current densities of 1{\textendash}3 A/cm2 and high differential pressure. This article, after an introductory overview of the operating principles of PEWE and state-of-the-art, discusses the state of understanding of key phenomena determining and limiting performance, durability, and commercial readiness, identifies important {\textquoteleft}gaps{\textquoteright} in understanding and essential development needs to bring PEWE science \& engineering forward to prosper in the energy market as one of its future backbone technologies. For this to be successful, science, engineering, and process development as well as business and market development need to go hand in hand.}, issn = {0013-4651, 1945-7111}, doi = {10.1149/2.1441704jes}, url = {http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/164/4/F387}, author = {Ugljesa Babic and Michel Suermann and Felix N. B{\"u}chi and Lorenz Gubler and Thomas J. Schmidt} } @article {865, title = {Critical limitations on the efficiency of two-step thermochemical cycles}, journal = {Solar Energy}, volume = {123}, year = {2016}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {57-73}, abstract = {Published in January 2016. *The authors bring to attention the need for standardizing methods to evaluate material performance, and propose a modeling framework from which to accomplish this.}, issn = {0038092X}, doi = {10.1016/j.solener.2015.09.036}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0038092X15005228}, author = {Colby Jarrett and William Chueh and Cansheng Yuan and Yoshiaki Kawajiri and Kenneth H. Sandhage and Asegun Henry} } @article {1035, title = {Current developments in reversible solid oxide fuel cells}, journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews}, volume = {61}, year = {2016}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {155-174}, abstract = {Published on August 1st, 2016. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) and Solid Oxide Electrolyte Cells (SOEC) are often considered precluded mainly by their high cost, even when several technical issues have been continuously tackled over the past decades. Our energetic matrix is essentially based on finite fuel sources, which involve the emission of environmentally hazardous pollutants. Nevertheless, now there are several feasible and profitable benign routes for energy generation through solid oxide cells development, mainly for cells capable to produce energy and store it employing hydrogen as energy carrier. Those cells act reversibly as fuel or electrolyzer systems, which may be integrated in hybrid renewable energy plants and may be referred to as Reversible Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (RSOFC). In this article, the operation principles of SOEC and SOFC and the current state of the electrolyte, fuel and oxygen electrodes has been reviewed and discussed in detail. Each major section is divided into materials families, including manufacturing issues. Novel materials and processing techniques are currently in development and are summarized here. Moreover, key-points are suggested to overcome the known drawbacks and to improve the performance and economic feasibility in order to enhance the commercialization of RSOFC technology.}, issn = {1364-0321}, doi = {10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.005}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032116002409}, author = {Sergio Yesid G{\'o}mez and Dachamir Hotza} } @article {1013, title = {Characterization of PEM fuel cell degradation by polarization change curves}, journal = {Journal of Power Sources}, volume = {294}, year = {2015}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {82-87}, abstract = {Published on October 30th, 2015. Polarization change curves, defined as a difference between the polarization curve at the beginning of life and the actual polarization curve after the cell has been operational for some time, were used to analyze degradation of a PEM fuel cell exposed to voltage cycling as an accelerated stress test for electrocatalyst degradation. Degradation, i.e., loss of voltage was due to increase of activation losses and increase of resistance in the catalyst layer, both most likely due to the loss of catalyst electrochemically active area. The results of the polarization change curves analysis correspond to the findings of the periodic individual tests performed during the accelerated stress test, such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry. Therefore, this method has potential to be used as a relatively quick and simple, yet effective, degradation diagnostic tool.}, issn = {0378-7753}, doi = {10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.06.047}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775315010812}, author = {Dario Bezmalinovic and Boris Simic and Frano Barbir} } @article {806, title = {Concept analysis of an indirect particle-based redox process for solar-driven H2O/CO2 splitting}, journal = {Solar Energy}, volume = {113}, year = {2015}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {158-170}, abstract = {Published in March 2015.}, issn = {0038092X}, doi = {10.1016/j.solener.2014.12.035}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0038092X14006264}, author = {Stefan Brendelberger and Christian Sattler} } @article {814, title = {Cascading pressure thermal reduction for efficient solar fuel production}, journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {39}, year = {2014}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {13114-13117}, abstract = {Published in August 2014.}, issn = {03603199}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.06.143}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360319914018862}, author = {Ivan Ermanoski} } @article {846, title = {CeO2 modified Fe2O3 for the chemical hydrogen storage and production via cyclic water splitting}, journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {39}, year = {2014}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {13381-13388}, abstract = {Published in August 2014.}, issn = {03603199}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.04.136}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S036031991401194X}, author = {Xing Zhu and Lingyue Sun and Yane Zheng and Hua Wang and Yonggang Wei and Kongzhai Li} } @article {844, title = {Ceria-based electrospun fibers for renewable fuel production via two-step thermal redox cycles for carbon dioxide splitting}, journal = {Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics}, volume = {16}, year = {2014}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {14271}, issn = {1463-9076, 1463-9084}, doi = {10.1039/c4cp01974a}, url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c4cp01974a}, author = {William T. Gibbons and Luke J. Venstrom and Robert M. De Smith and Jane H. Davidson and Gregory S. Jackson} } @article {811, title = {Ceria{\textendash}zirconia solid solutions (Ce1{\textendash}xZrxO2-δ, x<=0.2) for solar thermochemical water splitting: A thermodynamic study}, journal = {Chemistry of Materials}, volume = {26}, year = {2014}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {6073-6082}, abstract = {Published on October 28th, 2014.}, issn = {0897-4756, 1520-5002}, doi = {10.1021/cm503131p}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cm503131p}, author = {Yong Hao and Chih-Kai Yang and Sossina M. Haile} } @article {810, title = {Characterization of Two-Step Tin-Based Redox System for Thermochemical Fuel Production from Solar-Driven CO 2 and H 2 O Splitting Cycle}, journal = {Industrial \& Engineering Chemistry Research}, volume = {53}, year = {2014}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {5668-5677}, abstract = {Published on April 9th, 2014.}, issn = {0888-5885, 1520-5045}, doi = {10.1021/ie500206u}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie500206u}, author = {Ga{\"e}l Lev{\^e}que and St{\'e}phane Abanades and Jean-Claude Jumas and Josette Olivier-Fourcade} } @article {805, title = {Considerations in the design of materials for solar-driven fuel production using metal-oxide thermochemical cycles}, journal = {Advanced Energy Materials}, volume = {4}, year = {2014}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {1300469}, abstract = {Published in January 2014. *The authors identify key factors that affect STC material selection, going beyond simple thermodynamic screening. They discuss microstructural stability, phase-stability, transport effects in reactor designs, kinetics, and how these issues relate to process economics.}, issn = {16146832}, doi = {10.1002/aenm.201300469}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/aenm.201300469}, author = {James E. Miller and Anthony H. McDaniel and Mark D. Allendorf} } @article {807, title = {Cobalt Ferrite in YSZ for Use as Reactive Material in Solar Thermochemical Water and Carbon Dioxide Splitting, Part II: Kinetic Modeling}, journal = {JOM}, year = {2013}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, abstract = {Published on October 8th, 2013.}, issn = {1047-4838, 1543-1851}, doi = {10.1007/s11837-013-0774-1}, url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11837-013-0774-1}, author = {Kyle M. Allen and Nick Auyeung and Nima Rahmatian and James F. Klausner and Eric N. Coker} } @article {1018, title = {Cell failure mechanisms in PEM water electrolyzers}, journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {37}, year = {2012}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {17478-17487}, abstract = {Published on November 1st, 2012. PEM water electrolysis offers an efficient and flexible way to produce {\textquotedblleft}green-hydrogen{\textquotedblright} from renewable (intermittent) energy sources. Most research papers published in the open literature on the subject are addressing performances issues and to date, very few information is available concerning the mechanisms of performance degradation and the associated consequences. Results reported in this communication have been used to analyze the failure mechanisms of PEM water electrolysis cells which can ultimately lead to the destruction of the electrolyzer. A two-step process involving firstly the local perforation of the solid polymer electrolyte followed secondly by the catalytic recombination of hydrogen and oxygen stored in the electrolysis compartments has been evidenced. The conditions leading to the onset of such mechanism are discussed and some preventive measures are proposed to avoid accidents.}, issn = {0360-3199}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.06.017}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319912013638}, author = {P. Millet and A. Ranjbari and F. de Guglielmo and S. A. Grigoriev and F. Aupr{\^e}tre} } @article {808, title = {CO2 valorisation based on Fe3O4/FeO thermochemical redox reactions using concentrated solar energy}, journal = {International Journal of Energy Research}, year = {2012}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {n/a-n/a}, abstract = {Published in February 2012.}, issn = {0363907X}, doi = {10.1002/er.1953}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/er.1953}, author = {St{\'e}phane Abanades and Isabel Villafan-Vidales} } @article {898, title = {CoFe2O4 on a Porous Al2O3 Nanostructure for Solar Thermochemical CO2 Splitting}, journal = {Energy \& Environmental Science}, volume = {5}, year = {2012}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {9438-9444}, issn = {1754-5692, 1754-5706}, doi = {10.1039/c2ee22090c}, url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2ee22090c}, author = {Darwin Arifin and Victoria J. Aston and Xinhua Liang and Anthony H. McDaniel and Alan W. Weimer} } @article {913, title = {Concentrating solar thermal power and thermochemical fuels}, journal = {Energy \& Environmental Science}, volume = {5}, year = {2012}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {9234-9245}, issn = {1754-5692, 1754-5706}, doi = {10.1039/c2ee21275g}, url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2ee21275g}, author = {Manuel Romero and Aldo Steinfeld} } @article {804, title = {Control of Heterogeneity in Nanostructured Ce1{\textendash}xZrxO2 Binary Oxides for Enhanced Thermal Stability and Water Splitting Activity}, journal = {The Journal of Physical Chemistry C}, volume = {115}, year = {2011}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {21022-21033}, abstract = {Published on November 3rd, 2011.}, issn = {1932-7447, 1932-7455}, doi = {10.1021/jp2071315}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jp2071315}, author = {Nicholas D. Petkovich and Stephen G. Rudisill and Luke J. Venstrom and Daniel B. Boman and Jane H. Davidson and Andreas Stein} } @article {809, title = {CO2 and H2O Splitting for Thermochemical Production of Solar Fuels Using Nonstoichiometric Ceria and Ceria/Zirconia Solid Solutions}, journal = {Energy \& Fuels}, volume = {25}, year = {2011}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {4836-4845}, abstract = {Published on October 20th, 2011.}, issn = {0887-0624, 1520-5029}, doi = {10.1021/ef200972r}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ef200972r}, author = {Alex Le Gal and St{\'e}phane Abanades and Gilles Flamant} } @article {813, title = {Ce0.67Cr0.33O2.11: A New Low-Temperature O2 Evolution Material and H2 Generation Catalyst by Thermochemical Splitting of Water}, journal = {Chemistry of Materials}, volume = {22}, year = {2010}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {762-768}, abstract = {Published on February 9th, 2010.}, issn = {0897-4756, 1520-5002}, doi = {10.1021/cm9013305}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cm9013305}, author = {Preetam Singh and M. S. Hegde} } @article {894, title = {Concentrated solar power for renewable electricity and hydrogen production from water{\textemdash}a review}, journal = {Energy \& Environmental Science}, volume = {3}, year = {2010}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {1398}, issn = {1754-5692, 1754-5706}, doi = {10.1039/b922607a}, url = {http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=b922607a}, author = {B. Coelho and A. C. Oliveira and A. Mendes} } @article {841, title = {Concentrating on Solar Electricity and Fuels}, journal = {Science}, volume = {329}, year = {2010}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {773-774}, abstract = {Published on August 13th, 2010.}, issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203}, doi = {10.1126/science.1191137}, url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.1191137}, author = {M. Roeb and H. Muller-Steinhagen} } @article {1021, title = {Corrosion of metal bipolar plates for PEM fuel cells: A review}, journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {35}, year = {2010}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {3632-3647}, abstract = {Published on April 1st, 2010. PEM fuel cells are of prime interest in transportation applications due to their relatively high efficiency and low pollutant emissions. Bipolar plates are the key components of these devices as they account for significant fractions of their weight and cost. Metallic materials have advantages over graphite-based ones because of their higher mechanical strength and better electrical conductivity. However, corrosion resistance is a major concern that remains to be solved as metals may develop oxide layers that increase electrical resistivity, thus lowering the fuel cell efficiency. This paper aims to present the main results found in recent literature about the corrosion performance of metallic bipolar plates.}, issn = {0360-3199}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.01.059}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319910001308}, author = {Renato A. Antunes and Mara Cristina L. Oliveira and Gerhard Ett and Volkmar Ett} } @article {994, title = {Catalytic activity of supported metal particles for sulfuric acid decomposition reaction}, journal = {Catalysis Today}, volume = {139}, year = {2009}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {291-298}, abstract = {Published on January 30th, 2009. Production of hydrogen by splitting of water in the thermochemical sulfur-based cycles that employs the catalytic decomposition of sulfuric acid into SO2 and O2 is of considerable interest. However, all of the known catalytic systems studied to date that consist of metal particles on oxide substrates deactivate with time on stream. To develop an understanding of the factors that are responsible for catalyst activity, we investigate the fresh activity of several platinum group metals (PGM) catalysts, including Pd, Pt, Rh, Ir, and Ru supported on titania at 850{\textdegree}C and perform an extensive theoretical study (density-functional-theory-based first-principles calculations and computer simulations) of the activity of the PGM nanoparticles of different size and shape positioned on TiO2 (rutile and anatase) and Al2O3 (γ- and η-alumina) surfaces. The activity and deactivation of the catalytic systems are defined by (i) the energy barrier for the detachment of O atoms from the SOn (n=1, 2, 3) species, and (ii) the removal rate of the products of the sulfuric acid decomposition (atomic O, S, and the SOn species) from metal nanoparticles. We show that these two nanoscale features collectively result in the observed experimental behavior. The removal rate of the reaction products is always lower than the SOn decomposition rates. The relation between these two rates explains why the {\textquotedblleft}softer{\textquotedblright} PGM nanoparticles (Pd and Pt) exhibit the highest initial catalytic activity.}, issn = {0920-5861}, doi = {10.1016/j.cattod.2008.03.029}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092058610800117X}, author = {Sergey N. Rashkeev and Daniel M. Ginosar and Lucia M. Petkovic and Helen H. Farrell} } @article {812, title = {Ceria as a Thermochemical Reaction Medium for Selectively Generating Syngas or Methane from H2O and CO2}, journal = {ChemSusChem}, volume = {2}, year = {2009}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {735-739}, abstract = {Published on August 24th, 2009.}, issn = {18645631, 1864564X}, doi = {10.1002/cssc.200900138}, url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cssc.200900138}, author = {William C. Chueh and Sossina M. Haile} } @article {996, title = {Catalyst evaluation for a sulfur dioxide-depolarized electrolyzer}, journal = {Electrochemistry Communications}, volume = {9}, year = {2007}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {2649-2653}, abstract = {Published on November 1st, 2007. Thermochemical processes are being developed to provide global-scale quantities of hydrogen. A variant on sulfur-based thermochemical cycles is the hybrid sulfur (HyS) process which uses a sulfur dioxide-depolarized electrolyzer (SDE) to produce the hydrogen. Testing examined the activity and stability of platinum and palladium as the electrocatalyst for the SDE in highly concentrated sulfuric acid solutions. Cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry revealed that platinum provided better catalytic activity with much lower potentials and higher currents than palladium. Testing also showed that the catalyst activity is strongly influenced by the concentration of the sulfuric acid electrolyte.}, issn = {1388-2481}, doi = {10.1016/j.elecom.2007.08.015}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1388248107003451}, author = {H{\'e}ctor R. Col{\'o}n-Mercado and David T. Hobbs} } @article {755, title = {The crystal structure of compositionally homogeneous mixed ceria-zirconia oxides by high resolution X-ray and neutron diffraction methods}, journal = {Open Chemistry}, volume = {15}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {438-445}, abstract = {The real/atomic structure of single phase homogeneous nanocrystalline Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 +/- delta oxides prepared by a modified Pechini route and Ni-loaded catalysts of methane dry reforming on their bases was studied by a combination of neutron diffraction, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, total X-ray scattering and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The effects of sintering temperature and pretreatment in H-2 were elucidated. The structure of the mixed oxides corresponds to a tetragonal space group indicating a homogeneous distribution of Ce and Zr cations in the lattice. A pronounced disordering of the oxygen sublattice was revealed by neutron diffraction, supposedly due to incorporation of water into the structure when in contact with air promoted by the generation of anion vacancies in the lattice after reduction or calcination at high temperatures. However, such disordering has not resulted in any occupation of the oxygen interstitial positions in the bulk of the nanodomains.}, issn = {2391-5420}, doi = {10.1515/chem-2017-0044}, author = {Alexander N. Shmakov and Svetlana V. Cherepanova and Dmitrii A. Zyuzin and Yulia E. Fedorova and Ivan A. Bobrikov and Anne-Cecile Roger and Andrzej Adamski and Vladislav A. Sadykov} }