@article {1143, title = {Mechanistic understanding of pH effects on the oxygen evolution reaction}, journal = {Electrochimica Acta}, volume = {405}, year = {2022}, pages = {139810}, abstract = {The oxygen-evolution reaction (OER) is pivotal in many energy-conversion technologies as it is an important counter reaction to others that convert stable chemicals to higher-value products using electrochemistry. The local microenvironment and pH for the anode OER can vary from acidic to neutral to alkaline depending on the system being explored, making definitive mechanistic insights difficult. In this paper, we couple experiments, first-principles calculations based on density functional theory, microkinetics, and transport modeling to explore the entire pH range of the OER. At low current densities, neutral pH values unexpectedly perform better than the acidic and alkaline conditions, and this trend is reversed at higher current densities (> 20~mA cm-2). Using multiscale modeling, this switch is rationalized by a change from a dual-reaction mechanism to a single rate-determining step. The model also shows how the alkaline reaction rates dominate in the middle to high pH range. Furthermore, we explore that the local pH for near-neutral conditions is much different (e.g., 2.4 at the reaction surface vs. 9 in the bulk) than the pH extremes, demonstrating the criticality that transport phenomena plays in kinetic activity.}, keywords = {Electrochemistry, Microkinetics, Oxygen evolution reaction}, issn = {0013-4686}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139810}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0013468621020934}, author = {Julie C. Fornaciari and Lien-Chun Weng and Shaun M. Alia and Cheng Zhan and Tuan Anh Pham and Alexis T. Bell and Tadashi Ogitsu and Nemanja Danilovic and Adam Z. Weber} } @article {1144, title = {Migration of inclusions in a matrix due to a spatially varying interface energy}, journal = {Scripta Materialia}, volume = {206}, year = {2022}, pages = {114235}, abstract = {An interfacial energy can be a function of a bulk field such as temperature or electric field. We find that in a system with a gradient in temperature or electric potential, the resulting variation in interfacial energy can induce a particle to migrate by either surface or bulk diffusion. For a circular particle under a constant unidirectional gradient in the bulk field, the field dependence of the interfacial energy induces a circular particle to move as a circle at a constant velocity along the direction from higher to lower interfacial energy. A linear stability analysis of this steady state migration suggests that perturbations will damp out as time evolves, and thus under these conditions a migrating circular particle is morphologically stable. Other spatial distributions of interface energy can lead to the distortion of an initially circular shaped particle during migration. A phase field model is developed that captures these distortions and verifies the theoretical results mentioned above.}, keywords = {Bulk diffusion, Interface diffusion, Interface energy depends on a field varying with location, Particle migration}, issn = {1359-6462}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114235}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359646221005157}, author = {Qian Zhang and Scott Barnett and Peter Voorhees} } @article {1174, title = {Mg $\less$sub$\greater$x$\less$/sub$\greater$ Zn$\less$sub$\greater$1-x $\less$/sub$\greater$O contact to CuGa$\less$sub$\greater$3$\less$/sub$\greater$Se$\less$sub$\greater$5$\less$/sub$\greater$ absorber for photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical devices}, journal = {Journal of Physics: Energy}, volume = {3}, year = {2021}, month = {jan}, pages = {024001}, abstract = {CuGa3Se5 is a promising candidate material with wide band gap for top cells in tandem photovoltaic and photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices. However, traditional CdS contact layers used with other chalcopyrite absorbers are not suitable for CuGa3Se5 due to the higher position of its conduction band (CB) minimum. Mg x Zn1- x O (MZO) is a transparent oxide with adjustable band gap and CB position as a function of magnesium composition, but its direct application is hindered by CuGa3Se5 surface oxidation. Here, MZO is investigated as a contact (n-type {\textquoteleft}buffer{\textquoteright} or {\textquoteleft}window{\textquoteright}) material to CuGa3Se5 absorbers pretreated in Cd2+ solution, and an onset potential close to 1 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode in 10 mM hexaammineruthenium (III) chloride electrolyte is demonstrated. The Cd2+ surface treatment changes the chemical composition and electronic structure of the CuGa3Se5 surface, as demonstrated by photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. The performance of CuGa3Se5 absorber with Cd2+ treated surface in the solid-state test structure depends on the Zn/Mg ratio in the MZO layer. The measured open circuit voltage of 925 mV is promising for tandem PEC water splitting with CuGa3Se5/MZO top cells.}, keywords = {Photocathode; PEC; Buffer layer; CuGaSe; MgZnO}, doi = {10.1088/2515-7655/abd3b3}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/abd3b3}, author = {Imran S Khan and Christopher P Muzzillo and Craig L Perkins and Andrew G Norman and James L Young and Nicolas Gaillard and Andriy Zakutayev} } @article {1152, title = {A mini-review on proton conduction of BaZrO 3 -based perovskite electrolytes}, journal = {Journal of Physics: Energy}, volume = {3}, year = {2021}, month = {07}, pages = {032019}, keywords = {ceramics, dopant, electrolyte, electrolytic cell, energy conversion, fuel cell, hydration, interaction, mobility, oxide, proton, proton conduction}, doi = {10.1088/2515-7655/ac12ab}, author = {Vera, Clarita and Ding, Hanping and Peterson, David and Gibbons, William and Zhou, Meng and Ding, Dong} } @article {1160, title = {Modeling Electrokinetics of Oxygen Electrodes in Solid Oxide Electrolyzer Cells}, journal = {Journal of The Electrochemical Society}, volume = {168}, year = {2021}, month = {11/2021}, pages = {114510}, abstract = {A microscale model is presented in this study to simulate electrode kinetics of the oxygen electrode in a solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC). Two mixed ionic/electronic conducting structures are examined for the oxygen producing electrode in this work: single layer porous lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF), and bilayer LSCF/SCT (strontium cobalt tantalum oxide) structures. A yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte separates the hydrogen and oxygen electrodes, as well as a gadolinium doped-ceria (GDC) buffer layer on the oxygen electrode side. Electrochemical reactions occurring at the two-phase boundaries (2PBs) and three-phase boundaries (3PBs) of single-layer LSCF and bilayer LSCF/SCT oxygen electrodes are modeled under various SOEC voltages with lattice oxygen stoichiometry as the key output. The results reveal that there exists a competition in electrode kinetics between 2PBs and 3PBs, but 3PBs are the primary reactive sites for single-layer LSCF oxygen electrode under high voltages. These locations experience the greatest oxygen stoichiometry variations and are therefore the most likely locations for dimensional changes. By applying an active SCT layer over LSCF, the 2PBs become activated to compete with the 3PBs, thus alleviating oxygen stoichiometry variations and reducing the likelihood of dimensional change. This strategy could reduce lattice structural expansion, proving to be valuable for electrode-electrolyte delamination prevention and will be the focus of future work.}, keywords = {Barium zirconate, Defect transport, electrode-electrolyte delamination prevention, Faradaic efficiency, lattice oxygen stoichiometry, microscale model, o-SOEC, oxygen electrode, solid oxide electrolyzer cell}, doi = {10.1149/1945-7111/ac35fc}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac35fc}, author = {Korey Cook and Jacob Wrubel and Zhiwen Ma and Kevin Huang and Xinfang Jin} } @article {1161, title = {Multiple Reaction Pathways for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction May Contribute to IrO2 (110){\textquoteright}s High Activity}, journal = {Journal of The Electrochemical Society}, volume = {168}, year = {2021}, month = {02/2021}, pages = {024506}, abstract = {Density functional theory calculations in conjunction with statistical mechanical arguments are performed on the rutile IrO2 (110) facet in order to characterize multiple reaction pathways on the surface at the highest active limit (the stoichiometric surface with all metal sites available) and at the lowest active limit (the oxygen-terminated surface). Alternative pathways to the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are found, with multiple pathways determined at each step of the four proton-coupled electron transfer reaction. Of particular interest is the detailed characterization of a co-adsorption pathway utilizing neighboring, adsorbed O, OH species in order to evolve oxygen; activation energies of this pathway are <0.5 eV and therefore easily surmountable at the high operating potentials of OER. We also determined that surface Ir atoms can potentially participate in deprotonating an OOH* intermediate; the activation energy to this is 0.67 eV on the oxygen-terminated surface. These theoretical findings explain in part the high activity present in iridium oxide catalysts and also provide insight into the mechanistic pathways available on metal oxide catalysts, which may require the concerted interaction of nearest neighbor co-adsorbates to produce chemicals of interest.}, keywords = {DFT modeling, Iridium oxide, Oxygen evolution}, doi = {10.1149/1945-7111/abdeea}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abdeea}, author = {Mai-Anh Ha and Ross E. Larsen} } @article {1189, title = {Metal-Supported Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell with Significantly Enhanced Catalysis}, journal = {Energy Technology}, volume = {7}, year = {2019}, pages = {1801154}, abstract = {High-temperature electrolysis (HTE) using solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) is a promising hydrogen production technology and has attracted substantial research attention over the last decade. While most studies are conducted on hydrogen electrode-supported type cells, SOEC operation using metal-supported cells has received minimal attention. The development of metal-supported SOECs with performance similar to the best conventional SOECs is reported. These cells have stainless steel supports on both sides, 10Sc1CeSZ electrolyte and electrode backbones, and nano-structured catalysts infiltrated on both hydrogen and oxygen electrode sides. Samarium-doped ceria (SDC) mixed with Ni is infiltrated as a hydrogen electrode catalyst, and the effect of ceria:Ni ratio is studied. On the oxygen electrode side, catalysts including lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM), lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite (LSCF), praseodymium oxide (Pr6O11), and their composite catalysts with SDC (i.e., LSM-SDC, LSCF-SDC, and Pr6O11-SDC) are compared. Using the materials with highest catalytic activity (Pr6O11-SDC and SDC40-Ni60) and optimizing the catalyst infiltration processes, excellent electrolysis performance of metal-supported cells is achieved. Current densities of -5.31, -4.09, -2.64, and -1.62 A cm-2 are achieved at 1.3 V and 50 vol\% steam content at 800, 750, 700, and 650 {\textdegree}C, respectively.}, keywords = {high-temperature steam electrolysis, Hydrogen production, infiltration, solid oxide electrolysis, solid oxide electrolyzer cells}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201801154}, url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ente.201801154}, author = {Wang, Ruofan and Dogdibegovic, Emir and Lau, Grace Y. and Tucker, Michael C.} } @article {1089, title = {Molybdenum Disulfide Catalytic Coatings via Atomic Layer Deposition for Solar Hydrogen Production from Copper Gallium Diselenide Photocathodes}, journal = {ACS Applied Energy Materials}, volume = {2}, year = {2019}, pages = {1060-1066}, abstract = {

We demonstrate that applying atomic layer deposition-derived molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) catalytic coatings on copper gallium diselenide (CGSe) thin film absorbers can lead to efficient wide band gap photocathodes for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. We have prepared a device that is free of precious metals, employing a CGSe absorber and a cadmium sulfide (CdS) buffer layer, a titanium dioxide (TiO2) interfacial layer, and a MoS2 catalytic layer. The resulting MoS2/TiO2/CdS/CGSe photocathode exhibits a photocurrent onset of +0.53 V vs RHE and a saturation photocurrent density of -10 mA cm{\textendash}2, with stable operation for \>5 h in acidic electrolyte. Spectroscopic investigations of this device architecture indicate that overlayer degradation occurs inhomogeneously, ultimately exposing the underlying CGSe absorber.

}, doi = {10.1021/acsaem.8b01562}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.8b01562}, author = {Thomas R. Hellstern and David W. Palm and James Carter and Alex D. DeAngelis and Kimberly Horsley and Lothar Weinhardt and Wanli Yang and Monika Blum and Nicolas Gaillard and Clemens Heske and Thomas F. Jaramillo} } @article {1088, title = {Metallic nanocatalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction in aqueous solutions}, journal = {Journal of Colloid and Interface Science}, volume = {527}, year = {2018}, pages = {95-106}, abstract = {

Published on October 1st, 2018. How to effectively and efficiently reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) to value-added chemicals represent a frontier in catalysis research. Due to the high activation energy needs and the endothermic nature of CO2 reduction, the reactions are difficult to carry out. When H2O is present, hydrogen evolution reactions (HER) often compete favorably with CO2 reduction reactions. For these reactions, catalysts are of critical importance to CO2 reduction. In this article, we review the various metal nanocatalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) reactions. In recognition of the importance of H2O to CO2 reduction, we focus our discussions on systems in aqueous solutions. Nanostructured metal catalysts are chosen for the discussions because they represent the most effective catalysts for ECR. After a brief introduction of the fundamental principles of ECR, we devote the rest of the article on the discussions of various types of nanostructured metallic catalysts, which are categorized by their compositions and working mechanisms. Lastly, strategies for improving reaction efficiency and selectivity are discussed.

}, issn = {0021-9797}, doi = {10.1016/j.jcis.2018.05.041}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021979718305538}, author = {Yuanxing Wang and Cailing Niu and Dunwei Wang} } @article {1006, title = {Methods for comparing the performance of energy-conversion systems for use in solar fuels and solar electricity generation}, journal = {Energy \& Environmental Science}, volume = {8}, year = {2015}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {2886-2901}, doi = {10.1039/C5EE00777A}, url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2015/EE/C5EE00777A}, author = {Robert H.~Coridan and Adam C.~Nielander and Sonja A.~Francis and Matthew T.~McDowell and Victoria Dix and Shawn M.~Chatman and Nathan S.~Lewis} } @article {824, title = {A Model of Transient Heat and Mass Transfer in a Heterogeneous Medium of Ceria Undergoing Nonstoichiometric Reduction}, journal = {Journal of Heat Transfer}, volume = {135}, year = {2013}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {052701}, abstract = {Published on April 11th, 2013.}, issn = {0022-1481}, doi = {10.1115/1.4023494}, url = {http://heattransfer.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/article.aspx?doi=10.1115/1.4023494}, author = {Daniel J. Keene and Jane H. Davidson and Wojciech Lipi{\'n}ski} } @conference {878, title = {Materials Development for the CR5 Solar Thermochemical Heat Engine}, volume = {2006}, year = {2006}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {311-320}, publisher = {ASME}, organization = {ASME}, isbn = {0-7918-4745-4}, doi = {10.1115/ISEC2006-99152}, url = {http://proceedings.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=1597678}, author = {James E. Miller and Lindsey R. Evans and John N. Stuecker and Mark D. Allendorf and Nathan P. Siegel and Richard B. Diver} } @article {792, title = {Magnetic and electrical properties of quadruple perovskites with 12 layer structures Ba4LnM3O12 (Ln=rare earths; M=Ru, Ir): The role of metal{\textendash}metal bonding in perovskite-related oxides}, journal = {Journal of Solid State Chemistry}, volume = {183}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {1962-1969}, issn = {00224596}, doi = {10.1016/j.jssc.2010.06.023}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022459610002744}, author = {Yuki Shimoda and Yoshihiro Doi and Makoto Wakeshima and Yukio Hinatsu} } @article {931, title = {Material Analysis of Coated Siliconized Silicon Carbide (SiSiC) Honeycomb Structures for Thermochemical Hydrogen Production}, journal = {Materials}, volume = {6}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {421-436}, issn = {1996-1944}, doi = {10.3390/ma6020421}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/6/2/421/}, author = {Martina Neises-von Puttkamer and Heike Simon and Martin Schm{\"u}cker and Martin Roeb and Christian Sattler and Robert Pitz-Paal} } @article {1009, title = {Materials for Proton Exchange Membrane water electrolyzer bipolar plates}, journal = {International Journal of Hydrogen Energy}, volume = {42}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {2713-2723}, abstract = {Titanium based BiPolar Plates (BPPs) are commonly used in Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers (PEMWEs) today as they can withstand the harsh operating conditions experienced inside an operating PEM water electrolyzer. In particular, the high anode potential and acidic nature of the PEM is crucial for BPP performance. In this work we expand the investigation of non-coated materials at relevant operating conditions to include molybdenum, 254 SMO, tungsten, AISI 316L, AISI 304L, Inconel 625, niobium and tantalum, in addition to Titanium gr. 2. Pre-designed potentiostatic and potentiodynamic tests at potentials up to 2.0 VSHE were performed in addition to Interfacial Contact Resistance (ICR) and weight loss measurements. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging was conducted to observe morphology changes during the electrochemical tests. Titanium, tantalum and niobium experienced little or no weight change during potentiostatic polarization, while for AISI 304L, AISI 316L and tungsten the measured weight loss was much lower than the weight loss calculated from currents produced. When the potentiostatic test was prolonged for titanium, the ICR was found to increase with time. Auger Electron Spectroscopy measurements confirmed that the increase in ICR for titanium, tantalum and niobium is related to an increased thickness of surface oxides.}, issn = {0360-3199}, doi = {10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.11.106}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319916307613}, author = {Sigrid L{\ae}dre and Ole Edvard Kongstein and Anders Oedegaard and H{\r a}vard Karoliussen and Frode Seland} } @article {912, title = {Materials-Related Aspects of Thermochemical Water and Carbon Dioxide Splitting: A Review}, journal = {Materials}, volume = {5}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {2015-2054}, issn = {1996-1944}, doi = {10.3390/ma5112015}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/5/11/2015/}, author = {Martin Roeb and Martina Neises and Nathalie Monnerie and Friedemann Call and Heike Simon and Christian Sattler and Martin Schm{\"u}cker and Robert Pitz-Paal} } @article {848, title = {Maximizing efficiency in two-step solar-thermochemical fuel production}, journal = {Energy Procedia}, volume = {69}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {1731-1740}, issn = {18766102}, doi = {10.1016/j.egypro.2015.03.141}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1876610215004476}, author = {I. Ermanoski} } @article {959, title = {Maximizing fuel production rates in isothermal solar thermochemical fuel production}, journal = {Applied Energy}, volume = {183}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {1098-1111}, issn = {03062619}, doi = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.012}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261916313162}, author = {Timothy C. Davenport and Chih-Kai Yang and Christopher J. Kucharczyk and Michael J. Ignatowich and Sossina M. Haile} } @article {892, title = {Metal Oxide Composites and Structures for Ultra-High Temperature Solar Thermochemical Cycles}, journal = {Journal of Materials Science}, volume = {43}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {4714-4728}, issn = {0022-2461, 1573-4803}, doi = {10.1007/s10853-007-2354-7}, url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s10853-007-2354-7}, author = {James E. Miller and Mark D. Allendorf and Richard B. Diver and Lindsey R. Evans and Nathan P. Siegel and John N. Stuecker} } @article {1007, title = {Methods of photoelectrode characterization with high spatial and temporal resolution}, journal = {Energy \& Environmental Science}, volume = {8}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {2863-2885}, abstract = {Materials and photoelectrode architectures that are highly efficient, extremely stable, and made from low cost materials are required for commercially viable photoelectrochemical (PEC) water-splitting technology. A key challenge is the heterogeneous nature of real-world materials, which often possess spatial variation in their crystal structure, morphology, and/or composition at the nano-, micro-, or macro-scale. Different structures and compositions can have vastly different properties and can therefore strongly influence the overall performance of the photoelectrode through complex structure{\textendash}property relationships. A complete understanding of photoelectrode materials would also involve elucidation of processes such as carrier collection and electrochemical charge transfer that occur at very fast time scales. We present herein an overview of a broad suite of experimental and computational tools that can be used to define the structure{\textendash}property relationships of photoelectrode materials at small dimensions and on fast time scales. A major focus is on in situ scanning-probe measurement (SPM) techniques that possess the ability to measure differences in optical, electronic, catalytic, and physical properties with nano- or micro-scale spatial resolution. In situ ultrafast spectroscopic techniques, used to probe carrier dynamics involved with processes such as carrier generation, recombination, and interfacial charge transport, are also discussed. Complementing all of these experimental techniques are computational atomistic modeling tools, which can be invaluable for interpreting experimental results, aiding in materials discovery, and interrogating PEC processes at length and time scales not currently accessible by experiment. In addition to reviewing the basic capabilities of these experimental and computational techniques, we highlight key opportunities and limitations of applying these tools for the development of PEC materials.}, issn = {1754-5706}, doi = {10.1039/C5EE00835B}, url = {http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2015/ee/c5ee00835b}, author = {Daniel V. Esposito and Jason B. Baxter and Jimmy John and Nathan S. Lewis and Thomas P. Moffat and Tadashi Ogitsu and Glen D. O{\textquoteright}Neil and Tuan Anh Pham and A. Alec Talin and Jesus M. Velazquez and Brandon C. Wood} } @article {874, title = {Modeling the Direct Solar Conversion of CO 2 to CO and O 2}, journal = {Industrial \& Engineering Chemistry Research}, volume = {43}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {2446-2453}, issn = {0888-5885, 1520-5045}, doi = {10.1021/ie030745o}, url = {http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie030745o}, author = {Ralph J. Price and David A. Morse and Steven L. Hardy and Thomas H. Fletcher and Scott C. Hill and Reed J. Jensen} } @article {925, title = {Modification of CeO2 on the redox property of Fe2O3}, journal = {Materials Letters}, volume = {93}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {129-132}, issn = {0167577X}, doi = {10.1016/j.matlet.2012.09.039}, url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167577X12013195}, author = {Kongzhai Li and Masaaki Haneda and Zhenhua Gu and Hua Wang and Masakuni Ozawa} } @article {768, title = {M-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy of 4f instabilities in rare-earth systems (invited)}, journal = {Journal of Applied Physics}, volume = {55}, note = {{\textquoteright}doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01132\n - I.Am.Hydrogen{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}Jason thinks this is great.\n~\n - jyoungstrom{\textquoteright} {\textquoteright}\n - estechel{\textquoteright} }, pages = {1910-1915}, issn = {0021-8979}, doi = {10.1063/1.333517}, url = {https://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.333517}, author = {G. Kaindl and G. Kalkowski and W. D. Brewer and B. Perscheid and F. Holtzberg} }